Single-cell RNA sequencing: a powerful tool to study heterogeneity in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Thyroid cancers are a complex ecosystem comprising cancer cells along with stromal and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, single-cell RNA sequencing has transformed our understanding of tumor heterogeneity, enabling in-depth analysis of thyroid cancer biology both within and across tumors. In this review, we explore the insights provided by this technology to the study of papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. We examine the phenotypic heterogeneity observed among cancer cells themselves, as well as the changes orchestrated by tumor cells in stromal and immune populations during cancer progression.