Adsorptive removal of methyl dyes from textile wastewater: Adsorbents, mechanisms, and performance trends

The textile industry generates large volumes of wastewater, and the presence of dyes poses significant environmental and health concerns. Among various treatment methods, adsorption has emerged as an effective and cost-efficient technique for dye removal. This review critically evaluates recent developments in the adsorption-based removal of methyl dyes from wastewater, with particular emphasis on a wide range of adsorbents, including activated carbon, agricultural waste-derived biosorbents, and nanostructured materials. The effects of key operational parameters, such as pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage, on adsorption performance are systematically analyzed. A comparative assessment of adsorption capacities suggests that surface area and pore structure play a crucial role in enhancing adsorption efficiency. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of different adsorbents are discussed, along with the challenges associated with regeneration, cost, and large-scale application. This review offers useful insights for the development of efficient and sustainable adsorbents for wastewater treatment.