Virtual development of functional apparel for drumming using the three-stage design (TSD) process

Drummers endure significant physiological stress, including increased muscular movement, elevated body heat, and excessive perspiration, that can negatively impact their performance. Despite these effects, commercially available performance apparel for musicians focuses primarily on formal wear, neglecting the needs of drummers. Using a three-stage design virtual product development process, 3D virtual prototypes of three drumming tops were proposed to enhance mobility, thermal balance, and moisture management. The design process was guided by the specific user and apparel needs of 10 professional male drummers, which were identified through user research. The proposed drumming tops were evaluated using the 3D software, focusing on fit, pressure, and tension to ensure comfort and functionality. Findings from this study highlight the efficient and effective capabilities of 3D virtual prototyping for developing functional apparel through a virtual product development approach, particularly for understudied musician groups experiencing increased physical demands, with potential applications in academic and industry settings.