Using local knowledge and scientific assessment for inclusive land restoration in Halaba, Central Ethiopia

Abstract This study used Halaba, Ethiopia, as a case study and employed a mixed approach to examine societal challenges and evaluate the benefits of adopting sustainable land management (SLM) practices. Qualitative data analysis applied the drivers-pressures-state-impact-responses framework to capture farmers’ perspectives on land degradation and restoration, while quantitative analysis assessed land use and land cover and land degradation neutrality trends, as well as the resulting changes in ecosystem service values (ESVs). The results revealed significant variations in resource access and land use needs among the different groups, shaped by gender, wealth, and seasonal patterns, highlighting the need for gender-sensitive and inclusive interventions. Insights from scientific knowledge indicate substantial landscape transformation between 1994 and 2024. From 1994 to 2014, natural ecosystems declined markedly, including forestlands (− 9.9%), shrublands (− 9.5%), and grasslands (− 6.5%), alongside an expansion of degraded areas from 27 to 40%. However, the period from 2014 to 2024 shows signs of recovery in both natural ecosystems and degraded lands. Insights from local and scientific knowledge highlight significant environmental, economic, and social benefits of adopted SLM interventions. Specifically, the scientific knowledge indicated that the post‑2014 period showed recovery reflected in rising ESVs from natural ecosystems, ranging from 20 to 30%, translated to increases in ESVs by 0.9 to 16.9 million US$. Ensuring community engagement and social inclusivity, and bundling conservation measures when planning future SLM practices are crucial. Prioritizing affordable and user-friendly technologies; maintaining consistent follow-up; and scaling successful practices with long-term investment will enhance ecological restoration and livelihood resilience.