Advantame as an Ultra-High-Potency Artificial Sweetener: Chemical Properties, Metabolism, Safety Assessment, Metabolic Effects, and Food Technology Applications: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract A unique, high-intensity artificial sweetener, Advantame is a secondary amine of aspartame coupled to 3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) propanal, combining aspartame and phyllodulcin properties. Advantame has a real sugar-like flavour and superior chemical stability, making it appropriate for baking and frying. Its sweetness potency is 20,000 to 37,000 times that of sucrose and over 100 times that of aspartame. Metabolites are mostly excreted in the faeces due to limited systemic absorption and quick metabolism, indicating low metabolic toxicity. With an ADI of 5 mg/kg body weight/day, the FDA and EFSA have approved its use for general purposes, including diabetes and phenylketonuria. Genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity studies show no significant effects; long-term metabolic effects, gut microbiota changes, and stability under certain dietary conditions are lacking. This review provides researchers, clinicians, and regulatory agencies with comprehensive information on advantame's chemical properties, metabolic processes, safety assessment, potential health effects, and technological applications to ensure its safe and effective use in sugar-reduced food systems.