Network characteristics revealed through studying general aviation airport integration: evidence from China’s airport network

General aviation (GA) plays a crucial role in enhancing regional transport accessibility, especially in remote and underserved areas. With the increasing integration of GA airports into the existing air transport network, significant transformations are unfolding in both network topology and airport functionality. By detecting the emerging hub and revealing airport connection patterns, we investigate the regional benefits of integrating GA airports into the existing network. New network characteristics are observed: emerging hubs across regions assume diverse functional roles, with clear differences in intra- and extra-regional connectivity compared to core hubs. Meanwhile, the triangular route structures formed among hubs contribute to a more stable and efficient network, accompanied by increased route concentration and the emergence of new connecting flight patterns. These connectivity pattern changes strengthen regional geographic accessibility and optimize overall network performance. We suggest airlines develop regional markets by leveraging GA airport connection patterns. The government should provide priority strategies to support the development of GA airports.