Female Orgasmic Disorder

Female orgasmic disorder represents a significant, yet underrecognized aspect of women's sexual health that affects 10–28% of women and is characterized by persistent difficulty or absence of orgasm after adequate sexual stimulation. It remains poorly understood and infrequently addressed in clinical practice. The female orgasm involves complex neurobiological, vascular, hormonal, and psychosocial mechanisms, with the clitoris serving as the primary anatomical structure for orgasmic response. The orgasm gap, which refers to disparities in orgasm frequency between men and women, signifies biological and sociocultural factors that contribute to this condition. Recent research has identified interoceptive awareness, cognitive-affective factors, and the partner’s gender expectations as important contributors to orgasmic function. Evaluation requires comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment that includes detailed sexual history, physical examination with attention to clitoral anatomy and pelvic floor function, and selective laboratory testing. Although no pharmacologic treatments approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration exist specifically for female orgasmic disorder, there are effective treatment options and management of these treatment options should be individualized. Future research directions include the standardization of diagnostic tools such as clitoral blood flow assessment and quantitative sensory testing, development of targeted pharmacologic interventions, and improvement of clinical education on female sexual anatomy and function. This review synthesizes current evidence on female orgasmic disorder to provide clinicians with practical strategies for diagnosis and management.