Integrating virtual and augmented reality, 3D printing, and MR tractography: pioneering a new era of white matter–focused neuroanatomy in neurosurgical education

This study aimed to develop high-resolution, photorealistic three-dimensional (3D) neuroanatomical models via photogrammetry-based cadaver imaging combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tractography and 3D printing integrated into augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) platforms to support neurosurgical education. White matter dissections were performed on ten human cadaveric brains preserved via the Klingler method. Each dissection stage was photographed in a photographic studio using a DSLR camera and turntable system. Images were processed via Adobe Photoshop and reconstructed into 3D models via Agisoft Metashape. Postprocessing and optimization were carried out in Blender. The models were visualized via AR/VR devices and shared via Sketchfab. The selected models were 3D printed with a PLA filament. Representative MRI tractography data were incorporated into the models with Blender to visualize key white matter pathways. Twenty-eight detailed 3D models were created, capturing step-by-step dissections of the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum. On average, each model was generated from 442 photographs, producing more than six million surface triangles in the point cloud. The selected models were 3D-printed at life size using a PLA filament, and MRI tractography data were incorporated to visualize key white matter tracts. The models were successfully implemented in both the AR and VR platforms, enabling immersive neuroanatomical exploration. This study introduces a systematically produced collection of 28 high-resolution photogrammetry-based cadaveric neuroanatomical 360-degree models integrating representative tractography, AR/VR visualization, and 3D printing. This collection provides a refined and accessible resource for neuroanatomical and neurosurgical education. These models offer an interactive and accessible alternative to cadaver-based training, overcoming financial, ethical, and logistical barriers, and serve as effective educational tools to enhance visuospatial neuroanatomical understanding and improve neurosurgical training.