Exploring the genesis and praxis of restorative justice in Manitoba, Canada

This study examines the historical development, evolution, and ongoing challenges of restorative justice (RJ) in Manitoba. RJ emerged in the 1970s through Mediation Services established by Mennonite Central Committee Manitoba, reflecting early efforts to integrate Indigenous justice principles with community-based healing. During the 1980s and 1990s, volunteer training, community justice committees, and Indigenous-led initiatives such as Onashowewin expanded RJ practices across the province. Federal developments, including the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003) and the Supreme Court’s decision in R v. Gladue, further reinforced alternatives to incarceration for Indigenous peoples. The Restorative Justice Act (2014) institutionalized restorative justice through formalized case diversion programs, although limited funding and resource constraints continue to restrict its broader implementation and accessibility. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with practitioners, this study highlights the contributions of organizations including the Restorative Justice Association of Manitoba, Circles of Support and Accountability, and Onashowewin. Persistent challenges include punitive public attitudes, mental health delays, reduced program autonomy, and case backlogs. The findings demonstrate meaningful benefits for victims and those who have caused harm while emphasizing the importance of strengthening Indigenous-led restorative justice initiatives.