Indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with tin oxide recombination layer and electrodes
Indium-based transparent conductive oxides are widely used as electrodes and recombination layers in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, yet their scalability is constrained by indium scarcity and sputtering-induced damage. Here we report high efficiency and stable indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells enabled by reactive plasma deposited tin oxide (RPD-SnO x ). For RPD-SnO x as the recombination layer, a certified efficiency of 33.6% is achieved. Fully indium-free tandems that used RPD-SnO x as both recombination layer and electrodes delivering a champion PCE of 33.2% (1 cm 2 ) and a mini-module with a certified efficiency of 31.0% (207.9 cm 2 ). Dense and uniform self-assembled monolayer anchoring enabled by RPD-SnO x suppressed non-radiative recombination and reduced halide migration. Indium-free mini-modules exhibited high thermal, damp-heat, and outdoor operational stability and retained 65% of their maximum initial efficiency after 105 days of outdoor operation.
Authors
- Shibo Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4497-8321)
- Fengxian Cao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0315-1616)
- Jun Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8018-1758)
- Jianwei Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4861-0257)
- Shengxing Zhou
- Yuan Cheng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0061-3934)
- Bowen Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-3452)
- Xinbo Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0622-5417)
- Cao Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-2245)
- Xinya Niu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5085-7000)
- Ruy S. Bonilla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5395-5850)
- Yiliang Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-2130)
- Wenhua Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-6662)
- Xiaohong Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-2499)
- Qi Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9647-5873)
- Yihua Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6475-099X)
- Kun Gao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6651-8548)
- Yongzhe Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1579-3966)
- Zijia Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3978-5824)
- Jian Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1658-8215)
- Shaofei Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5786-2647)
- Chenxu He
- Shumao Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7530-1421)
- Wei Shi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9829-2904)
- Xinyao Sun
- Xi Chen
- Chang Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4057-5410)
- Xiaoqiong Ren
- Bo Gao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9966-2751)
- Liu Yang
Institutions
- University of Oxford (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Science
- Published
- 2026-06-18
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aef5355
- Primary Topic
- Perovskite Materials and Applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00