Mortality Burden and Years of Life Lost Attributable to Air Pollution in Liguria, Italy: A Health Impact Assessment

Air pollution is a major environmental determinant of premature mortality and population health burden. Liguria represents a vulnerable Mediterranean region due to intense urbanisation, port-related emissions, complex topography and an ageing population. This study quantified the mortality burden and Years of Life Lost (YLL) attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2 and O3 in Liguria (Italy), and estimated the potentially avoidable burden under WHO guideline scenarios. A Health Impact Assessment (HIA) was conducted using ARPAL air quality data and ISTAT mortality data for the population aged ≥30 years during 2022–2024. Relative risks were derived from the European ELAPSE project and WHO meta-analyses. Attributable mortality was estimated using a log-linear Health Impact Function, while YLL were calculated using regional life tables and normalised per 100,000 inhabitants. PM2.5 was the main contributor to air pollution-related mortality, accounting for 1333 attributable deaths in 2022. Corresponding YLL ranged from 755 to 1012 per 100,000 inhabitants over the study period. NO2 showed a relevant but secondary contribution, while O3 effects were smaller and more uncertain. WHO guideline scenarios indicated a substantial potentially avoidable burden of deaths and YLL. These findings support targeted environmental and public health interventions in highly urbanised coastal regions.