High-Performance Co–N- and Cu–N-Doped Activated Carbon Catalysts for Hydrazine Oxidation and Direct N2H4–H2O2 Fuel Cells

The development of sustainable electrocatalysts for clean energy by modifying biomass-derived activated carbon with nitrogen and transition metals is presented. Activated carbon (AWC) material was obtained using alder wood char as a precursor, while nitrogen and cobalt or copper nanoparticles were incorporated with the aim of creating efficient materials for hydrazine oxidation (HzOR) and direct hydrazine–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (DHHPFC, N2H4–H2O2). The composition, structure, and surface morphology of the created materials were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The activity of the AWC, AWC–Co–N, and AWC–Cu–N catalysts for HzOR was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). N2H4–H2O2 fuel-cell tests were performed by applying the catalysts as both the anode and cathode. It was found that all materials retained a hierarchical porous carbon framework, while metal incorporation altered surface compactness. Cobalt doping produced well-dispersed Co nanoparticles and abundant Co–N–C coordination sites, whereas Cu introduction resulted in moderately compact structures with uniformly distributed Cu-based nanoparticles. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that both metal dopants enhanced HzOR activity, with the catalytic performance following the order of AWC–Co–N > AWC–Cu–N > AWC. Fuel-cell testing further confirmed this trend: AWC–Co–N achieved the highest maximum power density (30.4 mW cm−2), outperforming AWC–Cu–N (17.7 mW cm−2). These results identify AWC–Co–N as a highly effective bifunctional electrocatalyst for DHHPFCs.