Systematic Review of Electric Bicycle Conversion as Project-Based Learning Media in Education

<ns5:p>Background The accelerating pace of technological transformation and the global sustainability agenda demand pedagogical models that connect theoretical knowledge with authentic practice. While Project-Based Learning (PBL) is known to improve critical thinking, technical competence, and student engagement, its implementation remains uneven and fragmented across educational systems. Methods This study conducts a systematic review of how electric bicycle (e-bike) conversion has been applied as a technology-enhanced PBL medium from 2020 to 2025. A total of 1,268 records were identified from Scopus and Web of Science databases. Using PRISMA 2020 inclusion criteria, 21 studies were selected for bibliometric mapping and qualitative thematic analysis. Results The findings indicate that e-bike conversion in PBL contexts enhances conceptual understanding, engineering design skills, renewable energy literacy, collaboration, entrepreneurship, and sustainability awareness. Despite these benefits, several challenges persist, including limited resources, rigid curricula, institutional disparities between the Global North and Global South, and a reliance on volunteer-driven initiatives. Conclusions Electric bicycle conversion represents a promising frontier in sustainable STEM education. Future opportunities lie in developing hybrid laboratories that integrate digital simulations with physical prototyping, aligning curricula with STEM and TVET frameworks, and fostering equitable international collaboration. This approach offers valuable contributions to pedagogical innovation, theoretical development, and policy advancement.</ns5:p>