HIV Awareness and Perceptions Among Citizens of the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study (March–July 2024)

Introduction The study aimed to assess knowledge and perceptions regarding HIV/AIDS among adults in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, a region with a rising HIV burden and documented gaps in public awareness. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2024 using anonymous online and paper-based questionnaires targeting residents aged 18–80 years in the Eastern Province. Convenience sampling recruited participants from community centers, public spaces, and social media platforms. The 21-item questionnaire assessed demographics and knowledge of HIV transmission, diagnosis, and treatment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, with p ≤0.05 considered statistically significant. Results A total of 984 participants were included, predominantly female (61.0%) and Saudi nationals (85.4%), with 64.7% having postsecondary education. Most recognized sexual transmission (92.7%), availability of confidential diagnostic methods (94.2%), and that HIV can be controlled with treatment (84.6%). Misconceptions persisted, with 25.7% believing HIV is transmitted through casual contact and 27.7% through sharing public restrooms, and several perceptions showed significant associations with age, gender, education, nationality, marital status, and healthcare work status. Discussion Findings show high overall awareness but important misconceptions that may perpetuate stigma and hinder prevention, particularly among younger, less educated, and non-healthcare groups. Conclusion Targeted, culturally sensitive educational interventions, with a focus on younger and less educated populations and the active involvement of healthcare professionals as key educators, are needed to strengthen HIV prevention efforts and support national public health goals.