The Impact of Madden-Julian Oscillation on Rainfall Variability in South Sulawesi and Its Implications for Science Education

This study examined the relationship between the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and rainfall variability in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, using daily rainfall observations from 24 stations during 1990–2020. A quantitative observational design based on long-term climatological time-series analysis was employed. MJO activity was identified using the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index, while rainfall variability was analyzed through rainfall anomalies, rainfall frequency, and spatial patterns across Seasonal Zones (ZOM). The results indicate that active MJO phases were generally associated with wetter conditions and higher rainfall frequency, whereas suppressed phases corresponded to drier conditions. Rainfall responses varied considerably among regions, with coastal areas exhibiting stronger responses than mountainous and inland regions, highlighting the influence of local geographical factors on MJO-related rainfall variability. These findings contribute to understanding intraseasonal climate variability within the Maritime Continent and provide valuable information for climate monitoring and forecasting. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the potential of climatological datasets as contextual resources for strengthening climate literacy and science education.