Therapeutic Potential of Pistacia Atlantica Gum in Aspirin-InducedPeptic Ulcers: A Dose-Dependent Approach to Mucosal Protectionand Hepatorenal Safety

Introduction: Aspirin-induced peptic ulcers present a major clinical challenge, driving the search for safer, natural gastroprotective agents. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential and safety of Pistacia atlantica gum (PAG) in a rat model of aspirin-induced gastric damage Materials and Methods: Forty-nine male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n=7): normal control, aspirin control, aspirin + vehicle, aspirin + PAG (3, 6, or 12 mg/kg), and aspirin + sucralfate (70 mg/kg, positive control). Ulcers were induced by oral aspirin (200 mg/kg for 3 days). Treatments were administered for two weeks. Assessments included ulcer scoring, serum biochemical markers (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, BUN, creatinine), oxidative/antioxidant status (MDA, SOD), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), and blinded histopathological evaluation. Results: PAG exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in ulcer severity, with the 12 mg/kg dose achieving efficacy comparable to sucralfate. Biochemically, PAG 12 mg/kg significantly ameliorated aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity (reduced ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT) and nephrotoxicity (reduced BUN and creatinine), surpassing sucralfate, which showed no renal benefit. PAG treatment also mitigated oxidative stress (increased SOD, decreased MDA) and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α). Histopathological analysis confirmed significant mucosal preservation in PAG-treated groups. Discussion: The study highlights PAG’s multifaceted therapeutic profile, aligning with its traditional use in Kurdish medicine. Its efficacy is likely associated with phytochemicals such as α-pinene and flavonoids, which are suggested to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. Notably, PAG may offer a safer profile, as it lacks nephrotoxic effects and exhibits hepatorenal protective properties. Conclusion: PAG emerges as a potent natural remedy for aspirin-induced ulcers, combining mucosal protection with systemic safety