A Delphi Approach to Examining the Role of Paraprofessionals and Paraeducators in Orientation and Mobility

Introduction: Following a charge from the Orientation and Mobility (O&M) Division of the Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and Visually Impaired, a study was undertaken to establish a set of parameters for paraprofessionals (also referred to as paraeducators) who could provide services under the direction of credentialed O&M specialists. The primary objective of this study was to establish roles and responsibilities in O&M services for paraprofessionals in the educational system and adult rehabilitation facilities. Methods: A modified Delphi study was conducted which utilized a group of 15 university instructors and 21 experienced O&M professionals. Each group was given a listing of potential roles and asked to indicate which could be taught, reinforced, or were not appropriate roles for paraprofessionals. A consensus rate of 70% within groups and between groups was established for acceptance of a specific role. Two rounds were needed to reach a final consensus. Results: Consensus within and between groups was reached for reinforcing roles for 48 of 55 indoor skills and 4 of 25 outdoor skills. There were no skills in either area that reached 70% consensus for a direct teaching role. Sixteen skills were designated as not appropriate for a paraprofessional to have a role. Discussion: Only a limited number of skills were selected as appropriate for paraprofessionals in O&M. Those that reached consensus were limited to a reinforcing role rather than a direct teaching role. It was concluded that O&M specialists should have authority to determine which paraprofessionals have the capacity to reinforce the O&M curriculum. The O&M specialists should provide the preparation for the paraprofessionals through provision of materials, observations of lessons, and direction from the professional. A written agreement should be established that includes a job description and the specific skills to be reinforced.