A Comprehensive Methodological Approach to Soil Quality Assessment in Mountainous Semi-Arid Agroecosystems

Soil quality assessment, which considers numerous physical, chemical, and biological indicators, has long been a challenge for monitoring soil functions and ensuring sustainable resource use in agriculture. In this study, different indicator selection and weighting methods were compared to derive a reliable Soil Quality Index (SQI) in semi-arid agroecosystems. A total of 117 topsoil samples were taken from the Ap horizon within a 14,200 ha area of the Honam sub-catchment, southwestern Iran. Twenty-one soil indicators were measured and analyzed to assess the overall SQI. Soil indicator selection was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), considering standard and norm value strategies, as well as component rotation. Four weighting approaches, including PCA, Coefficient of Variation (CV), correlation score (r), and Expert Opinion (EO), were applied to the Minimum Dataset (MDS) and Total Dataset (TDS) to compute the Integrated Quality Index (IQI), Nemoro (NQI), simple additive (IQIa), and Fuzzy Fertility Index (FFI). The performance of the SQI models was evaluated using the Sensitivity Index (SI) and their relationships with crop yield. The results showed that the combination of the norm value approach without component rotation was more effective in selecting the influential indicators for SQI determination. The Soil Stability Index (SSI), which integrates soil organic carbon and textural properties, was the key indicator with the highest contribution, ranging between 6.3% and 37.5% in most of the models. Among the evaluated approaches, the IQI-CV-MDS showed the highest sensitivity (SI = 6.8) and the strongest correlation (r = 0.53) with rainfed barley yield. The majority of the samples exhibited moderate SQI values, indicating a general risk of soil quality decline in the study area. The findings of this study highlight that appropriate indicator selection and weighting strategies are essential for improving the reliability of SQI assessments in semi-arid environments with diverse mountainous topography.