Measuring Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence in Spanish-Speaking Contexts: Validation of the GAAIS for Human–AI Interaction Research

Understanding users’ attitudes toward artificial intelligence (AI) is critical for research on human–AI interaction, as such attitudes shape adoption, trust, and user experience with AI-enabled systems. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the General Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS), a multidimensional instrument assessing positive and negative orientations toward AI. A sample of 542 adults from Argentina completed the 20-item scale along with measures of general AI attitudes and digital stress. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure of the GAAIS, distinguishing positive and negative attitudes toward AI, and both subscales showed good internal consistency. Evidence of convergent validity was observed through systematic associations with acceptance- and fear-related attitudes toward AI. External validity analyses indicated that positive attitudes toward AI were higher among participants who anticipated a positive impact of AI on education, whereas negative attitudes were higher among those who perceived potential negative effects on interpersonal relationships. Positive attitudes were also associated with several dimensions of digital stress, suggesting that favorable orientations toward AI may coexist with intensive engagement in digitally mediated environments. The Argentine validation of the Spanish GAAIS provides additional evidence for assessing positive and negative orientations toward AI in Latin American Spanish-speaking contexts and may support future research on user perceptions, acceptance, and psychological responses to AI-enabled interactive systems.