Ultrasound-assisted biogenic production of copper oxide nanoparticles utilizing bark extract from Microcos paniculata L. for bio-evaluation and therapeutic purposes

We generated copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using bark extract from Microcos paniculata L . as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent under ultrasonic irradiation in this study. The biosynthesized CuONPs were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). A UV-Vis signal at 280 nm indicated nanoparticle production, while XRD showed a Wurtzite (hexagonal) crystalline structure with an average crystallite size of 11.4 nm. FTIR identified phytochemical functional groups that stabilize and cap nanoparticles. SEM confirmed a morphological study of irregularly shaped particles 60–69 nm, and TEM revealing quasi-spherical morphology and an average particle size of ∼60.25 nm. Cu and O were found in the nanostructure by EDX. According to biological tests, CuONPs are highly effective against Aspergillus niger NCIM 773 and Candida albicans NCIM 3466. Additionally, their antimalarial efficacy is notable (IC50: 74.51 µg/mL). The nanoparticles' anticancer potential was confirmed through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) experiments on human cancer cell lines. The Kb-ChR-8–5 cell line showed an IC50 value of 5.40 µg/mL, compared to vinblastine's 5.93 µg/mL, and the A549 cell line showed an IC50 value of 32.08 µg/mL, compared to the standard 43.58 µg/mL. Both cell lines showed promising MTT findings and antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. Antioxidant, antibiotic, and anticancer medicines work well with these cell lines. These results suggest that M. paniculata L .-mediated CuONPs could be useful biological nanomaterials for antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant therapy.