Beyond the Trenches: Rethinking Archaeological Labor through Ritual, Relational, and Community Archaeologies in the Central Andean Highlands

Abstract Archaeological labor in the Andes unfolds not only in field trenches and labs but also in the social and cosmological landscapes where sites remain powerful actors affecting daily community life. Drawing on collaborative fieldwork in the Huaylas and Cosma River Basins of the Cordillera Negra Mountains, Ancash, Peru, this article reflects on how archaeological work is shaped by theoretical framing, traditional field methods, and the relationships between descendant communities and the archaeological sites they live around that influence daily fieldwork. We argue for an expanded definition of archaeological labor that encompasses ceremonial, emotional, and relational work alongside excavation and analysis and share strategies in hiring, organization, and training. These include daily routines that make space for ritual practice, decision-making frameworks that treat local knowledge as actionable, and project planning that honors contractual and cultural obligations. By including these community-framed practices in the methodology, we call for culturally engaged archaeological labor that recognizes how communities, researchers, and sites co-produce knowledge and working conditions, thereby building a safer, more inclusive, and more equitable work environment.