Epigenetic–Genetic Crosstalk at the Cancer–Diabetes Interface: Convergent Molecular Pathways, Multi‐Omics Biomarkers, and Dual Therapeutic Targets

ABSTRACT The complex interdependence between cancer and diabetes has become a major subject of research in molecular medicine since multiple data points indicate that these two conditions have some molecular processes and regulatory pathways in common. The complex relationship between epigenetic and genetic modifications linking these two prevalent diseases was explored in this comprehensive study. Molecular fingerprints such as abnormal DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non‐coding RNA dysregulation have become known in recent times as a result of breakthroughs in the multi‐omics technology. We systematically analyze the prevalent risk factors such as obesity, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress that cause these two diseases through various yet similar biological processes. Particular emphasis is put on such important signaling pathways as insulin/IGF, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and AMPK cascades that are fundamental in both diseases. We also provide an overview of new technologies that can enhance our knowledge of the molecular etiology of these diseases, such as single‐cell sequencing and artificial intelligence. These observations are evaluated clinically from the perspective of biomarkers discovery, therapeutic targeting, and personalized medicine modalities. Lastly, we discuss future research for this study and future potential therapies based on the focus on similar biological pathways. This review offers insightful commentary on the field of cancer and diabetes intersection that can help to create more rational treatment regimens for both diseases.