Probation, Parole, and Harm Reduction: An Exploratory Study of Responses to Clients Carrying Naloxone

Individuals on community supervision in the U.S. face elevated risk of fatal opioid overdoses, positioning probation and parole officers (POs) as essential actors in harm-reduction efforts, including clients’ possession of Naloxone. Yet prior research has found that clients fear that carrying Naloxone could lead to negative consequences. This qualitative study examines POs’ (n = 109) actual and hypothetical responses to clients’ possession of Naloxone and agency policies that guide these decisions. Findings indicate promise and gaps; many officers reported supportive attitudes of clients carrying Naloxone, though some hypothetical responses revealed the possibility of stigma or responses that could be perceived as punitive. Together, these results underscore the need for standardized policies and further research to reduce ambiguity and address barriers to Naloxone access for individuals on supervision.