Socio-religious principles for a harmonious life in Malay–Islamic society: insights from the manuscript <i>Tuhfat al-Nafis</i>

This study explores the socio-religious principles embedded in the Malay–Islamic manuscript Tuhfat al-Nafis to examine the construction of a harmonious life within the Malay–Islamic society. Written by Raja Ali Haji, the manuscript portrays ethical, moral and cultural values that shape the social order and leadership principles in the Malay world. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, this study interprets the socio-religious elements of the text through reflective reading to reveal their relevance to the social life of Malay–Islamic communities. The key findings indicate that Tuhfat al-Nafis embodies three interrelated dimensions: social responsibility as a moral foundation, justice as a guide for leadership and cultural ethos as the core of communal life. Collectively, these principles demonstrate that the integration of religion, culture and ethics forms the basis for social harmony within the Malay–Islamic context. The significance of this study lies in reaffirming the relevance of Malay–Islamic philosophy in strengthening socio-religious harmony in contemporary society.