Freshwater Recreational Fisheries as a Social–Ecological System in Transition: Perceived Barriers, Resource Conditions, and Governance Challenges in Poland

Recreational fisheries are one of the most widespread forms of inland water use in developed countries, and they are increasingly being interpreted as a social–ecological system that integrates ecosystems, users, and governance structures. This study aimed to evaluate the perceived status of fish resources, the effectiveness of the management system, and the obstacles to developing recreational fisheries in Poland. The evaluation was based on a nationwide survey (CAWI, N = 1574). The results indicate a critical perception of both resource conditions and management performance. Institutional barriers were identified as the most significant. While environmental factors remain significant, their role should be interpreted within the broader context of governance effectiveness. The structure of motivations confirms the dominance of recreational and environmental functions over utilitarian and economic ones, highlighting the growing importance of cultural ecosystem services. The findings reveal a discrepancy between the evolving recreational aspects of angling and the existing management system, indicating an institutional mismatch that poses a significant challenge to sustainable water resource management. These findings align with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those related to water quality and ecosystem protection. While the study focuses on Poland, the identified challenges are not unique and are relevant to many countries undergoing similar transformations. The results emphasize the need for more integrated, adaptive, and participatory governance models.