An integrated analysis of MEN1 reveals its associations with clinical outcomes, cellular pathways, and the immune microenvironment

The menin protein, encoded by the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) gene, serves as a critical regulator of cellular processes in human cancers. While menin-targeted therapies are undergoing clinical investigation, a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of MEN1's diagnostic, prognostic, and immunomodulatory roles remain lacking. Here, we systematically evaluated MEN1 expression patterns and clinical relevance using multi-omics databases and immunohistochemical profiles from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). MEN1 exhibited ubiquitous expression in normal tissues but was frequently upregulated across multiple malignancies, correlating with adverse survival outcomes. Elevated MEN1 expression demonstrated strong diagnostic utility and positive associations with tumor mutation burden (TMB), suggesting complementary value in cancer detection. Immune landscape analysis revealed significant correlations between MEN1 expression and immune checkpoint genes, as well as immune cell infiltration patterns. Functional characterization implicated MEN1 in activating cell cycle progression, DNA damage response, and oncogenic signaling pathways, as validated through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA). These findings position MEN1 as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target with implications for immuno-oncology and precision medicine.