Cost and Profitability in Grapefruit Farms in Türkiye

Abstract This study analysed the cost structure and profitability of 90 stratified-sampled grapefruit farms in Adana (accounting for 87.29% of Türkiye’s production) using 2024 primary survey data. Findings reveal scale and technical differences: operators were 77.78% male and 22.22% female (with 27.27% female operators in large-scale farms). Furthermore, 70% held a bachelor’s degree, and 88.89% had 11 or more years of production experience. Regarding labour use, 64.20% of small-scale farms relied on family labour, whereas 81.64% of large-scale farms employed hired labour. Total cost per farm ranged from TRY 800,086 to TRY 3,692,113; cost per kilogram ranged from TRY 6.45 to TRY 8.04; and profit margin varied between −TRY 0.09 and TRY 1.82. To reduce scale- and gender-based disparities, recommendations include incentivising female participation, strengthening small and medium-sized farms’ cooperative capacities, optimising mechanisation and labour, and diversifying sales channels while providing agricultural and technological support. Ultimately, these measures will increase sector productivity, profitability, income stability, and small/medium farm competitiveness, thereby strengthening the sustainable growth and international competitiveness of Türkiye’s grapefruit sector.