Evaluation of ecosystem-based adaptation role in strengthening ecosystem health and climate resilience in Lagos State, Nigeria

Abstract This study assessed the effect of Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) on soil and aquatic health in Lagos East, Nigeria. A mixed-methods approach was used to quantify the physicochemical properties of soil, water quality and microbial populations at two EbA-implemented sites (Lekki Conservation Centre (LCC) and Lekki Urban Forest and Animal Shelter Initiative (LUFASI)) and two non-EbA sites (Chevron View and MAJEK). At each site, three composite soil samples from 0–15 cm depths and three water samples were collected during the dry season. Community surveys were conducted to assess respondents’ perceptions of the impacts of EbA. The results indicated a significant water quality issue in Chevron View, with a pH of 4.7. Total water hardness was high in MAJEK (372 mg/L) and LUFASI (240 mg/L) while elevated biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand levels indicated organic pollution. Soil analysis showed acceptable pH but elevated total hardness (CaCO 3 /kg) in Chevron View (282.37 mg/kg) and MAJEK (219.78 mg/kg). In contrast, water hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 /kg) was highest at MAJEK (372 mg/L) and LUFASI (240 mg/L) reflecting geological influences rather than EbA status. For microbiological analysis, Chevron View had the highest viable bacteria count, while coliforms were detected in MAJEK and LUFASI. Community surveys revealed that 81% of respondents perceived EbA strategies as effective in mitigating climate risks. EbA could enhance ecosystem health and climate resilience. EbA should be incorporated into State and Federal land-use policies.