Classical two-channel detector model reproducing quantum correlations in Bell experiments

An explicit local hidden-variable model with a stochastic two-channel detector is constructed that reproduces the quantum correlation E(a,b) = −cos(a−b) for the singlet state. The model uses only: (i) a shared classical phase λ ∈ [0,2π), uniformly distributed; (ii) Malus-law detection probabilities; (iii) two independent binary channels per detector. The standard Bell ±1 encoding is shown to be a lossy compression of the two-channel output, and the CHSH parameter |S| = 2√2 emerges from this encoding without any non-local mechanism. The raw (unnormalised) correlation satisfies CHSH (|S| = √2 ≤ 2); the normalised (Pearson) correlation violates it (|S| = 2√2 > 2), without any change in the underlying physical model. The CHSH test, as currently implemented, cannot distinguish between an entangled quantum source and the classical model presented here.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-06-17
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20728381
Primary Topic
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Type
preprint
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preprint

Classical two-channel detector model reproducing quantum correlations in Bell experiments

Roberto Pavani
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
preprint

Classical two-channel detector model reproducing quantum correlations in Bell experiments

Roberto Pavani
preprint en

Abstract

An explicit local hidden-variable model with a stochastic two-channel detector is constructed that reproduces the quantum correlation E(a,b) = −cos(a−b) for the singlet state. The model uses only: (i) a shared classical phase λ ∈ [0,2π), uniformly distributed; (ii) Malus-law detection probabilities; (iii) two independent binary channels per detector. The standard Bell ±1 encoding is shown to be a lossy compression of the two-channel output, and the CHSH parameter |S| = 2√2 emerges from this encoding without any non-local mechanism. The raw (unnormalised) correlation satisfies CHSH (|S| = √2 ≤ 2); the normalised (Pearson) correlation violates it (|S| = 2√2 > 2), without any change in the underlying physical model. The CHSH test, as currently implemented, cannot distinguish between an entangled quantum source and the classical model presented here.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
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