A conceptual framework for realising ESG-centred project value in modern methods of construction

Purpose Sustainability research on modern methods of construction (MMC) has predominantly conceptualised sustainability through assessed performance outcomes, particularly environmental indicators. While this literature demonstrates the sustainability potential of MMC, it offers limited explanation of how sustainability-oriented value is realised during project delivery. This study aims to develop a project-level conceptual framework to explain how environmental, social and governance (ESG)-centred project value is realised in MMC projects. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a qualitative conceptual research approach focused on framework development. Insights from project value research, delivery-oriented perspectives and project capability literature are integrated with existing MMC sustainability research to inform the development of a project-level conceptual framework. Findings Existing MMC sustainability research is dominated by an outcome-oriented focus with limited attention to project delivery execution and implementation conditions. In response, this study develops an ESG-centred capability-focused conceptual framework that conceptualises sustainability as ESG-centred project value realised through ESG-centred project delivery execution across the MMC project life cycle and enabled by ESG-centred project team capability. The framework provides a project-level explanation of how ESG-centred project value is enacted in practice. Research limitations/implications As a conceptual study, the proposed framework has not yet been empirically tested. Practical implications The framework highlights the importance of embedding ESG priorities within project delivery execution and project team capability, rather than relying on technological adoption alone. Originality/value By shifting the analytical focus from performance measurement to value realisation through project delivery, the framework offers a novel project-level explanation of sustainability implementation in MMC.