Non-resinous tissues of Aquilaria plants: A review of phytochemical composition and application potential in utilization

Agarwood is a highly valued resin produced by plants of the genus Aquilaria in response to wounding or microbial infection and is widely used in medicine, religious practices, and the fragrance industry. Nevertheless, a substantial proportion of non-resinous tissues across various Aquilaria species remains underutilized, resulting in suboptimal resource efficiency. This review provides a systematic synthesis of the phytochemical profiles of these non-resinous tissues, encompassing findings from major species such as A. sinensis , A. malaccensis , and A. crassna . The synthesis evaluates the diversity and spatial distribution of their chemical constituents across different plant organs. In addition, the review assesses the prospective applications and valorization pathways of these tissues in pharmaceuticals, fragrances, biomass utilization, and other high-value industries. Collectively, this review offers a scientific foundation for the holistic utilization of Aquilaria resources and supports the transition of the agarwood industry toward efficiency, sustainability, and circular development.