Challenges and opportunities in the implementation of active learning methods in occupational safety and health training

BackgroundActive learning methods have gained increasing attention in the field of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) training due to their potential to enhance learner engagement, knowledge retention, and practical skill development. However, to date, there is limited research that systematically evaluates the application and effectiveness of active learning methodologies in OSH training, particularly with regard to their impact on knowledge retention, behavioural change, and the practical transfer of learning to workplace safety practices.ObjectiveThis review explores a range of active methodologies, such as problem-based learning, project-based learning, simulations, storytelling, virtual reality, augmented reality and immersive virtual reality, with the aim of identifying their effectiveness, key benefits, and implementation challenges.MethodsThis systematic review followed Preferred Reported Items for Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.ResultsA total of 21 peer-reviewed studies were examined and organised according to their aims, training methods, results, opportunities, and challenges. The findings suggest that immersive technologies and experiential approaches are increasingly adopted to address the limitations of traditional training methods. Despite their positive impact on motivation and learning outcomes, several obstacles remain, including high financial and technical demands and institutional resistance.ConclusionsThis review provides relevant insights for professionals and decision-makers seeking to innovate OSH training practices and calls for further empirical research to support the broader application of active learning strategies in this context.