An integrated review of taxonomy, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, value chains and conservation strategies of Phanera vahlii

Abstract Phanera vahlii (Wight & Arn.) Benth. (syn. Bauhinia vahlii ) is a large woody liana widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of South Asia and recognized for its ecological, ethnobotanical, and economic importance. This review synthesizes available literature up to December 2025 to provide an integrated assessment of its taxonomy, morphology, distribution, utilization, phytochemistry, propagation, and conservation status. Molecular and morphological evidence support its classification within Phanera as a distinct lineage of woody climbers . The species is characterized by robust lianescent growth, bilobed leaves, and elongated woody pods, and contributes significantly to forest structure and biodiversity. P. vahlii is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP), supporting rural livelihoods through leaf-based biodegradable products, fibre extraction, and seasonal food use. Phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, and galactomannan-rich polysaccharides with reported antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities; however, evidence remains largely preclinical, with limited data on toxicity and clinical validation. Natural regeneration is constrained by seed dormancy, irregular fruiting, and anthropogenic pressures, including overharvesting and habitat degradation. Despite its wide distribution, the species remains unassessed by the IUCN and shows localized population declines. Key research gaps include the need for quantitative ecological data, standardized propagation protocols, and value-chain optimization. This review highlights the potential of P. vahlii as a bioresource for sustainable livelihoods and emphasizes the importance of integrated conservation and management strategies.