Developing a PESTLE based model to review the energy transition accelerator parameters in Australia

Governments and policymakers have lacked comprehensive analytical frameworks to systematically identify and evaluate synergies among different energy generation sources. This study developed a PESTLE-based framework (encompassing political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental aspects) to improve understanding of the drivers underpinning the transition to renewable energy (RE). These aspects consist of 39 sub-factors, enabling a granular assessment of influences shaping energy transition decision-making and providing policymakers with structured insights to support effective policy development. The research was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 involved a systematic review of recent peer-reviewed literature and International Energy Agency policy documents to identify relevant PESTLE aspects and sub-factors. In Phase 2, following ethical approval, the 39 sub-factors were prioritised by domain experts using a pilot-tested questionnaire administered through Q methodology, with participants also invited to identify additional influential factors. Phase 3 comprised semi-structured interviews conducted after analysis of the Q-sort results to provide clarification and contextual interpretation. The results identified three overarching stakeholder perspectives that converged on the least influential drivers of the energy transition but diverged on the most impactful factors, reflecting differing stakeholder priorities. The integration of Q methodology and qualitative interviews enabled a systematic examination of diverse viewpoints within the PESTLE framework, enhancing the robustness and interpretive depth of the findings and highlighting the complexity of socio-technical energy transitions. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, supporting the development of targeted policies to facilitate Australia’s transition to renewable energy. Future research is encouraged to incorporate broader socio-economic considerations and further examine the role of policy and legislative mechanisms to support more inclusive and effective transition pathways.