A climatological perspective on cyclones and surface impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean using potential vorticity-based classification

Abstract. The Eastern Mediterranean is a water-scarce, climate-sensitive region. Eastern-Mediterranean cyclones (EMCs) are a major contributor to precipitation totals and weather extremes, including heavy precipitation, strong winds, temperature extremes and dust storms, substantially impacting the population and natural environment. Understanding EMCs' variability and their associated impacts is essential for improving their predictability and forecasts. The large case-to-case variability of cyclone development and associated impacts calls for EMC classification that incorporates dynamical insight into EMC large-scale setting, their track characteristics and associated surface weather. Here we classify EMCs based on their associated upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) structures, providing a novel process-based framework for quantifying cyclone-associated surface weather and extremes. Using the self-organising map (SOM) algorithm to categorise ERA5-based PV distributions during EMCs from 1979–2020, six distinct PV patterns highlight different governing large-scale and synoptic settings. Each EMC type involves distinct mean and extreme surface weather signatures. Two clusters with high PV anomalies over the eastern Mediterranean dominate the regional annual precipitation. A strong ridge upstream of the PV trough during Rossby wave breaking leads to enhanced precipitation, compared to a similar PV configuration with a weak ridge upstream. Temperature anomalies during the cyclone passage are strongly linked to upper-level PV patterns, with certain EMC types causing notable near-surface warm and cold temperature extremes. In transition and warm seasons, occasional extreme localised precipitation is found despite the prevalence of shallow thermal lows with weak upper-tropospheric PV anomalies and generally no/low precipitation amounts. While the annual frequency of EMCs exhibits no significant trend, some clusters show contrasting trends. A notable increase in the frequency of non-precipitating EMCs, indicates a potential shift toward drier, but occasionally more extreme conditions in the region. Through this classification approach the link between EMCs large-scale setting and their surface impacts is systematically mapped. These findings provide a framework for the evaluation of cyclones and their prediction, and may improve strategies for managing the societal and environmental impacts of EMCs at weather and climate timescales.