Decoding the Gut Microbiome–Metabolome Interface in Colorectal Cancer using Advanced Omics Technologies

The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic community of microorganisms that plays a vital role in maintaining human health and physiological balance. These microbes participate in key biological processes such as nutrient metabolism, immune regulation, maintenance of epithelial integrity, and the production of bioactive metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and amino acids. Disruption of the normal microbial balance, known as dysbiosis, has been increasingly linked to the development of various diseases, particularly cancer. This review explores the relationship between gut microbiota, host metabolism, and carcinogenesis, with a focus on colorectal cancer (CRC). Growing evidence suggests that changes in microbial composition and microbial-derived metabolites can promote tumour initiation and progression through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, DNA damage, immune modulation, and metabolic reprogramming. Advances in metabolomics have provided powerful tools for identifying microbial metabolites and investigating host–microbiota interactions at the molecular level. Analytical platforms such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have enabled the identification of potential biomarkers for early CRC detection and improved understanding of disease mechanisms. Integrating metabolomics with microbiome research may support early diagnosis, personalised therapy, and better management of colorectal cancer.