Evidence Synthesis and Systematic Reviews: Updated Methodologies for Educators and Practitioners in Prosthetics and Orthotics

Purpose: The methodological expectations for evidence synthesis have evolved and become more rigorous; this tutorial will build readers’ understanding of the new and emerging types of evidence synthesis as well as provide information on the updated and rigorous standards utilized in many of the health sciences and medical fields. Method: Guidance on how to find and apply current best standards and methods for evidence synthesis is provided, including appropriate methodology for systematic reviews, scoping reviews, rapid reviews, and other types of evidence synthesis to ensure reproducible and replicable evidence synthesis projects. Systematized reviews are highlighted as the best approach for students and also for professionals who have limited time and who might not have a team to work with. Results: The expectations and benefits of the different types of methodology are introduced, as well as information concerning ways to improve the quality of the reviews through collaboration with professional experts from other fields. The differences between methodology and reporting guidelines are highlighted, as well as examples of structured research questions that should guide the production of evidence synthesis. Conclusion: Although systematic reviews are highly recognized by most medical professions, there is a lack of publication of other types of evidence synthesis. Understanding the different types of evidence synthesis methodologies and the recognized international standards for Systematic Reviews will enable professionals in the prosthetics and orthotics field to produce higher-quality research and knowledge translation into clinical practice. Clinical Relevance Statement: This paper introduces readers to core concepts of evidence synthesis with guidance and resources for clinician and researcher teams to create high-quality research papers by better understanding and following best practices in evidence synthesis.