Mapping vulnerability: conservation status and threats on the White-headed Duck in the Lake Van Basin

The White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala is a globally threatened species adapted to wetlands with harsh living conditions, such as saline, brackish and eutrophic waters. However, these shallow ecosystems are highly vulnerable to external threats, contributing to significant regional and global declines. Effective conservation strategies require comprehensive monitoring and a well-understanding of the species’ ecological requirements and the pressure it faces. This study focuses on the Lake Van Basin, the primary breeding and moulting area for the Anatolian population, aiming to (1) assess the current population status, (2) identify and evaluate key threats, and (3) propose targeted conservation actions. Annual observations revealed 35–41 breeding pairs and 151–164 ducklings. The most critical threats identified were water abstraction, droughts, poaching, reed fires, and unregulated recreational activities. To reduce further population, decline and ensure the persistence of suitable habitats in Türkiye and beyond, urgent implementation of integrated wetland restoration, habitat management, and enforcement of conservation measures is essential.