Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Africa: Epidemiological Trends, Transmission Ecology, Hotspot Heterogeneity, and Preparedness Challenges—A Narrative Review

Background: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an important tick-borne zoonosis and an emerging public health threat across Africa. Although evidence of viral circulation is mounting, information remains fragmented, limiting a comprehensive understanding of transmission ecology, regional hotspot heterogeneity, and preparedness needs across the continent. Methods: This narrative review critically synthesized published literature on CCHFV in Africa, identified through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar and supplemented by citation tracking and authoritative public health reports. Evidence from epidemiological, ecological, molecular, surveillance, and One Health studies was integrated to examine transmission dynamics, geographic hotspot distribution, viral diversity, risk factors, diagnostic and surveillance challenges, and preparedness strategies. Results: Available evidence shows marked geographic heterogeneity in CCHFV transmission across Africa, with hotspot regions shaped by ecological suitability, Hyalomma tick distribution, livestock–human interactions, and health system capacity. Livestock consistently show higher exposure than humans, underscoring their role as key indicators of viral circulation. Diagnostic limitations, passive surveillance, ecological variability, and serological cross-reactivity contribute to substantial under recognition of disease burden, while molecular studies reveal considerable viral diversity and ongoing evolution across African regions. Conclusions: CCHFV remains underdiagnosed and underreported in many African settings because of limited surveillance and diagnostic capacity. Strengthening integrated One Health surveillance, expanding laboratory and genomic capacity, utilizing livestock as sentinel populations, and improving cross-sectoral collaboration are critical for enhancing early detection, outbreak preparedness, and effective public health response across the continent.