Public acceptance of geothermal energy in Europe: Factors and strategies

The transition to a climate-neutral economy in Europe, as mandated by the EU Green Deal and the Fit for 55 package, necessitates a rapid and diversified deployment of renewable energy sources. Geothermal energy, with its potential for baseload power and heating, is a critical component of this strategy. However, its deployment is often hindered by challenges related to social acceptance, which are distinct from those faced by other renewables. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to examine the determinants of social acceptance of geothermal energy across the European context. Employing the PRISMA protocol, a comprehensive search was conducted across major databases (Scopus and Web of Science) for peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2025. The review identified 40 highly relevant studies for in-depth synthesis. Key findings reveal that acceptance is primarily driven by three interlinked factors : trust in institutions , the perception of procedural and distributional justice , and the management of perceived risks, particularly induced seismicity. The paper critically examines the interplay of these sociopolitical, economic, and psychological factors. The primary contribution is a synthesized framework of effective mitigation strategies, including participatory decision-making, transparent risk communication, and local benefit-sharing mechanisms. This framework offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and project developers to enhance public engagement and accelerate the sustainable deployment of geothermal energy in Europe.