Entanglement as a fairness mechanism in randomized quantum games

We propose a framework for quantizing randomized quantum games in which entanglement is examined as a tunable fairness resource without relying on fine-tuned strategy parameters. As a case study of the Monty Hall problem, we show that initial entanglement between host and player registers neutralizes classical asymmetry at the distribution level, driving win-probability distributions under different strategic conditions to converge. Implemented on IBM’s Eagle processors via four-qubit encodings, our experiments span a continuum of entanglement strengths and employ extensive randomized trials over broad strategy ensembles. Although the mean no-switch probability remains fixed at its classical value, stronger entanglement progressively suppresses distributional signatures of asymmetric play, yielding increasingly uniform outcome statistics across adversarial conditions. Within the pure-state setting studied here, these findings provide evidence for an experimentally accessible route to quantify entanglement-enabled fairness in quantum games and suggest relevance to quantum information settings involving strategic decision-making under asymmetry.

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Publication Details

Journal
npj Quantum Information
Published
2026-06-16
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-026-01296-x
Primary Topic
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Entanglement as a fairness mechanism in randomized quantum games

Ye‐Hong Chen, Zhi‐Cheng Shi, Ri‐Hua Zheng, Yan Xia et al.
npj Quantum Information
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
article

Entanglement as a fairness mechanism in randomized quantum games

Ye‐Hong Chen, Zhi‐Cheng Shi, Ri‐Hua Zheng, Yan Xia, Yang Xiao
article en

Abstract

We propose a framework for quantizing randomized quantum games in which entanglement is examined as a tunable fairness resource without relying on fine-tuned strategy parameters. As a case study of the Monty Hall problem, we show that initial entanglement between host and player registers neutralizes classical asymmetry at the distribution level, driving win-probability distributions under different strategic conditions to converge. Implemented on IBM’s Eagle processors via four-qubit encodings, our experiments span a continuum of entanglement strengths and employ extensive randomized trials over broad strategy ensembles. Although the mean no-switch probability remains fixed at its classical value, stronger entanglement progressively suppresses distributional signatures of asymmetric play, yielding increasingly uniform outcome statistics across adversarial conditions. Within the pure-state setting studied here, these findings provide evidence for an experimentally accessible route to quantify entanglement-enabled fairness in quantum games and suggest relevance to quantum information settings involving strategic decision-making under asymmetry.

npj Quantum Information
Fuzhou University (CN)
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Openalex Percentile: Top 7%
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
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