Entanglement as a fairness mechanism in randomized quantum games
We propose a framework for quantizing randomized quantum games in which entanglement is examined as a tunable fairness resource without relying on fine-tuned strategy parameters. As a case study of the Monty Hall problem, we show that initial entanglement between host and player registers neutralizes classical asymmetry at the distribution level, driving win-probability distributions under different strategic conditions to converge. Implemented on IBM’s Eagle processors via four-qubit encodings, our experiments span a continuum of entanglement strengths and employ extensive randomized trials over broad strategy ensembles. Although the mean no-switch probability remains fixed at its classical value, stronger entanglement progressively suppresses distributional signatures of asymmetric play, yielding increasingly uniform outcome statistics across adversarial conditions. Within the pure-state setting studied here, these findings provide evidence for an experimentally accessible route to quantify entanglement-enabled fairness in quantum games and suggest relevance to quantum information settings involving strategic decision-making under asymmetry.
Authors
- Ye‐Hong Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7308-2823)
- Zhi‐Cheng Shi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-0002)
- Ri‐Hua Zheng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1944-1573)
- Yan Xia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-298X)
- Yang Xiao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7074-8805)
Institutions
- Fuzhou University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- npj Quantum Information
- Published
- 2026-06-16
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-026-01296-x
- Primary Topic
- Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China