Behavioural Addictions Among Healthcare Workers and Medical Students: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the prevalence, correlates, and mental health outcomes of behavioural addictions—including Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), Internet Addiction (IA), Social Media Addiction (SMA), and Work Addiction (WA)—among healthcare professionals (HCPs) and medical students.Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO was conducted from January 2017 to September 2025 following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Only observational studies reporting prevalence, risk factors, or outcomes of behavioural addictions in healthcare professionals or medical students were included. Data extraction covered study characteristics, assessment instruments, prevalence estimates, and associated psychological or occupational outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Checklist. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed, with subgroup analyses based on profession, addiction type, and geographic region.Results: A total of 27 cross-sectional studies involving approximately 23,000 participants from 12 countries were included. Pooled prevalence estimates were high across all addiction types: IGD (2.1–20.0%), IA (11.1–75.5%), SMA (55.2–68.8%), and WA (23.7–70.7%). IGD and IA were more common among medical students, SMA among nurses, and WA among physicians—particularly emergency doctors. Behavioural addictions were consistently associated with depression, anxiety, insomnia, burnout, reduced academic performance, and work–family conflict. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate, while heterogeneity was explained by differences in measurement tools, cut-offs, and cultural factors.Conclusions: Behavioural addictions are highly prevalent among healthcare professionals and trainees, often exceeding rates observed in the general population. Given their strong associations with mental health problems and occupational impairment, standardized diagnostic tools, targeted interventions, and institution-level policies are urgently needed to mitigate their impact on workforce well-being and patient safety.