Neutron Stars Collapsing into Black Holes: Not Degeneracy Pressure Overwhelmed by Compression, but Material Deconstructed via Extreme Temperature Chain Dissolution (V2)

Mainstream astrophysical theories hold that neutron stars evolve into black holes when gravitational pressure exceeds neutron degeneracy pressure. Mechanical compression crushes neutron structures, eventually leading to gravitational collapse into a singularity. This paper proposes a disruptive revised model. It is a fundamental physical rule that mass generates gravity, and no gravity exists without mass. Neutron degeneracy pressure is extremely strong and cannot be easily broken by pure mechanical compression. The real trigger for the transition from a neutron star to a black hole is excessive pressure-induced extreme high temperature, rather than overload compression. When the temperature exceeds the dissociation critical point of \(1–2\times10^{12}\ \text{K}\), neutron structures undergo thermal collapse and transform into high-energy photon gas. Photons have no rest mass, so pure photon gas cannot produce gravity. Partial material converted into photons reduces the overall gravitational pull of the star. However, outer neutrons with mass remain bound together by gravity, confining the internal photon gas. Driven by the chain dissolution effect of the photon gas, residual material is continuously decomposed until the entire star fully transforms into a black hole. Supermassive black holes with a scale of up to 40 billion kilometers exist at the centers of spiral galaxies. Material converges toward the galactic center mainly driven by rotational force and inertial force of galaxy rotation, while gravity plays a secondary role. Material is continuously converted by photon gas, enabling black holes to keep expanding. This model fixes the self-consistency flaws of the traditional degeneracy pressure collapse theory and redefines the formation mechanism and physical essence of black holes.