Urological telesurgery after the first randomised trial: a scoping review and public implementation visibility audit

Urological telesurgery has moved from isolated demonstrations to multicentre and randomised evaluation. We mapped the public evidence after the first randomised trial and assessed whether implementation-critical details are visible in reports that readers can independently appraise. We performed a PRISMA-ScR evidence map and public-record audit of peer-reviewed human urological telesurgery reports available to 26 April 2026. Eligible reports described direct remote operative control across physically separate sites. Because brief abstracts and public summaries cannot reliably accommodate full implementation detail, full-text or publicly available full-text records were prespecified as the primary visibility analysis and short public records were analysed separately. Two reviewers independently coded IDEAL stage and predefined implementation-visibility items, with third-reviewer adjudication. Item-level frequencies were reported; no report-level score, total or ranking was calculated. Sixteen reports were included: eight full-text or public full-text records and eight short public records. Six reports were stage 1, seven stage 2a, two stage 2b and one stage 3; no stage 4 surveillance report was identified. In the primary full-text/public full-text analysis, network architecture and clinical outcomes were visible in 8/8 records; distance or site separation and quantitative latency in 7/8 each; advanced network metrics, backup or failover, on-site rescue or takeover planning and technical adverse events in 6/8 each; ethics or governance in 5/8; registration or protocol identifiers in 2/8; and cybersecurity or data-protection measures in 1/8. Short public records showed lower visibility for several implementation items, particularly backup or failover (1/8), governance (2/8), registration (1/8) and cybersecurity (0/8). Agreement was 168/176 (95.5%; Cohen kappa 0.91) for binary visibility items and 15/16 (93.8%; linearly weighted kappa 0.93) for IDEAL stage; nine extraction calls were adjudicated. A programme-cluster sensitivity analysis collapsed the 16 reports into seven visible programmes and retained the same main pattern: network architecture and clinical outcomes were visible in all clusters, whereas registration and cybersecurity were visible in one cluster each. Urological telesurgery has entered early comparative evaluation, including one randomised trial, but public implementation reporting remains uneven. The clearest residual visibility gaps in full-length records concern registration and cybersecurity; short public records are additionally constrained by format. A concise implementation-reporting box or supplement could improve reproducibility and external appraisal without implying that non-reporting equals poor clinical conduct.