Mass Quantum Theory

This paper introduces the <strong>Mass Quantum Theory (MQT)</strong>, a novel cosmological framework that models the universe not as a continuous spacetime, but as a discrete causal network generated by the histories of state determination. While the standard cosmological model (&Lambda;CDM) relies on the unidentified concept of "dark energy" to explain the accelerated expansion of the late universe, MQT proposes a purely geometric alternative. We postulate that the localized determination of probability density inevitably creates a probability depletion, or <strong>"Void,"</strong> in its immediate vicinity due to conservation principles. Through first-principles 3D network growth simulations, we demonstrate that the accumulation of these Voids prevents perfect close-packing, causing the macroscopic cosmic network to naturally evolve into a sponge-like fractal structure (the cosmic web). Our simulations spontaneously yielded a fractal dimension of <strong>D &approx; 2.24</strong>. The geometric distortion factor derived from this dimensional reduction, <strong>w &approx; -0.76</strong>, shows a remarkable agreement with the dark energy equation of state parameter required by current observational data, including the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia), and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO). By replacing the continuous background with a dynamically growing discrete network, MQT naturally explains the apparent accelerated expansion as an optical distortion caused by long-distance photon detours around Voids. Furthermore, it offers a geometric resolution to the Hubble tension without necessitating unknown dark energy. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Cosmology, Dark Energy, Discrete Spacetime, Fractal Geometry, Hubble Tension, Causal Network, Cosmic Web