Recent advances in the production and use of the edible microalga Chlorella sorokiniana

Abstract This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state-of-the-art in Chlorella sorokiniana production and its diverse industrial applications. As a robust and adaptable microalga, C. sorokiniana is a promising candidate for sustainable biomass production, capable of growing in various environments, including wastewater and saline conditions. The review compares photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic cultivation strategies, identifying heterotrophy as a growing trend due to its high biomass yields and reduced pigmentation, which is advantageous for food technology. Morphologically, the species is characterized by small spherical cells with a robust cell wall that necessitates disruption to release valuable intracellular compounds. Biochemically, C. sorokiniana is rich in proteins (often exceeding 50%), essential amino acids, lipids, and bioactive pigments like lutein. Its commercial potential spans high-value cosmetics, medium-value plant biostimulants, functional foods, and aquafeeds, and low-value biofuels. Despite its versatility, the review highlights critical bottlenecks, such as the need for process upscaling and economic viability in commodity markets, which must be addressed to fully realize its industrial potential.