Review on magnetic nanocarriers and enzyme immobilization strategies for sustainable second‑generation bioethanol production

The rising demand for fossil fuels has caused serious environmental problems. Bioenergy offers an environmentally friendly alternative, capable of meeting various energy needs when proper conversion methods are used. The use of bioethanol in transportation and industry has greatly reduced dependence on fossil fuels. This review aims to cover all aspects of biofuels and their sustainability criteria. It explores recent advances in biofuel production, especially focusing on the role of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Several cutting-edge techniques have been analyzed to improve product quality, including integrated methods and the use of enzymes and their immobilization in bioenergy processes. Nevertheless, large-scale biofuel production still faces challenges, requiring innovative technologies to boost output and satisfy future energy needs while adhering to the US sustainable development goals (SDG 7).