Knowledge and preventive practices regarding Rhesus factor incompatibility among women attending antenatal in Oyo State, Nigeria

Rhesus factor incompatibility (RhFI) remains a preventable cause of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where gaps in antenatal education and preventive care persist. Despite the availability of effective prophylaxis such as anti-D immunoglobulin, inadequate maternal knowledge and poor uptake of preventive measures continue to limit progress. This study assessed knowledge and preventive practices regarding RhFI among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected General Hospitals in Oyo State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 136 pregnant women selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured, pretested questionnaire with established reliability. Descriptive statistics summarised variables, while chi-square tests assessed associations between socio-demographic characteristics and outcomes at a significance level of p < 0.05. The mean age of respondents was 28.4 ± 7.5 years; all participants (100%) acknowledged the importance of blood group testing, but only 21% had heard of Rh incompatibility. Furthermore, 90% lacked knowledge of its risk factors, and only 6% reported receiving antenatal education on the condition. Uptake of anti-D prophylaxis was low (7%) among those eligible. Overall, 94% of respondents demonstrated inadequate knowledge of preventive measures, and 79% had poor awareness of associated risks. No significant associations were found between educational level or parity and knowledge or perceptions ( p > 0.05). Substantial gaps in knowledge and preventive practices persist despite high antenatal attendance. Strengthening structured antenatal education and improving access to preventive interventions are essential to reduce avoidable maternal and neonatal complications.