Genetic diversity and population structure of Florida’s threatened Bletia purpurea (Orchidaceae): Insights from target capture sequencing and implications for conservation

Urban expansion and land development around the Greater Everglades Ecosystem have resulted in fragmentation and decline of Bletia purpurea populations, a terrestrial orchid native to South Florida. As habitat loss continues, assessment of genetic diversity and structure in remnant populations is critical for developing effective conservation strategies. Although differences in phenology, habitat preferences, and reproductive traits such as self-fertilization have been documented in Florida populations, comprehensive genetic data for this species had not been obtained prior to this study. In this work, a target capture sequencing approach utilizing the Orchidaceae963 bait set was applied to evaluate genetic diversity and structure across eight wild populations in Collier, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach counties. Results indicate a northwest corridor of genetic connectivity among some populations, despite distances exceeding 95 km, likely reflecting a formerly continuous range prior to anthropogenic fragmentation. Three populations of conservation concern were identified: S1 formed a distinct genetic cluster suggestive of isolation; E3 exhibited elevated inbreeding that may compromise population viability; and E4 displayed emerging genetic differentiation despite otherwise moderate diversity metrics, particularly reflecting increasing isolation associated with urban fragmentation. These findings demonstrate the utility of targeted sequencing in conservation planning and provide essential baseline data to inform habitat restoration, population management, and preservation of genetic diversity in this state-threatened orchid.