Multiple Pathways to Effectiveness: A Configurational Analysis of Cash Transfer Implementation in the MENA Region

ABSTRACT Whilst extensive research examines cash transfer design features, the role of implementation in shaping effectiveness remains undertheorised, particularly within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This systematic review of 270 studies, combined with fuzzy‐set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 15 major programmes, analyses implementation challenges and their influence upon outcomes. Implementation quality varies more significantly than design and constitutes a stronger predictor of effectiveness. No single factor is sufficient on its own. Monitoring‐and‐evaluation system robustness emerges as a necessary condition for effectiveness (consistency = 0.93), with payment delivery nearly necessary (0.89); inter‐agency coordination shows the weakest necessity of the five conditions examined (0.83). Effectiveness is reached through a small number of implementation configurations rather than a single route. Findings challenge design‐centric approaches, demonstrating even well‐designed programmes fail when implementation capacity proves weak. Investing in implementation systems, particularly payment infrastructure, coordination mechanisms, and adaptive management protocols, constitutes the cardinal priority for enhancing effectiveness.